face-negotiation theory

Stella Ting-Toomey developed face-negotiation theory, discussed in Chapter 31. Griffin begins the chapter by discussing a model of negotiation that includes techniques such as brainstorming and performing a reality check, noting that this type of third-party mediation doesn't work across cultures. In exploring conflict, Ting-Toomey uses "face" as a metaphor for the individual's public self-image. Ting-Toomey's research is based on the notion of individualistic (about one-third of world's population) and collectivistic (about two-thirds of the world's population) cultures. Individualistic cultures have an "I" identity and collectivistic cultures have a "we" identity.

Ting-Toomey defines face restoration as facework used to preserve autonomy and personal freedom. Face giving is facework that supports another's need for inclusion.

In Ting-Toomey and Oetzel's cultural map of eight conflict management styles the obliging approach to conflict management is associated with a very high concern for others' face and a very low concern for one's own face. The dominating approach to conflict management is associated with a low concern for others' face and a high concern for one's own face. The integrating approach is associated with a high concern for others' face and a high concern for one's own face. The passive aggression approach demonstrates a high concern for self-face and a moderate concern for others' face. The emotional expression approach is concerned with letting feelings show. Ting-Toomey found in her research that the third-party help approach to conflict management is used in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures, but defined in different ways.

In applying Ting-Toomey's work in face-negotiation theory, the author of your text argues that knowledge is the most important dimension of facework competence. Mindfulness involves seeking multiple perspectives on the same event.

In her interview with Em Griffin, Stella Ting-Toomey defines a(n) independent self-construal as emphasizing personal initiative, achievement, and accountability. She also explains that an interdependent self-construal emphasizes relational harmony and cooperation.

~ Professor Cyborg